{"id":544401,"date":"2025-10-17T15:12:28","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T12:12:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/basilica.ro\/?p=544401"},"modified":"2025-10-22T10:40:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T07:40:06","slug":"the-bells-of-the-national-cathedral-characteristics-and-symbolism-pdf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/basilica.ro\/en\/the-bells-of-the-national-cathedral-characteristics-and-symbolism-pdf\/","title":{"rendered":"The Bells of the National Cathedral: Characteristics and symbolism (pdf)"},"content":{"rendered":"

There are nine days left until the bells of the National Cathedral will ring for the inauguration of the holy edifice, when Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and the Patriarch of Romania will consecrate its mosaic painting.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Archdiocese of Bucharest has prepared a series of presentation leaflets<\/a> about the National Cathedral, which the Romanian people have been striving to build for more than a century<\/p>\n

The leaflet dedicated to the bells presents their specifications, as well as an explanation of their function and symbolism.<\/p>\n

Please find the French, Italian and Greek translations of the text below.<\/p>\n

\n

The Bells of the National Cathedral<\/strong><\/h1>\n

The Romanian Patriarchate, at the initiative of the Primate of the Romanian Orthodox Church, His Beatitude Patriarch Daniel, entrusted the casting of the six bells of the National Cathedral to the Grassmayr<\/em> Foundry in Innsbruck, Austria.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The largest bell in Romania’s National Cathedral is also the largest swinging bell in Europe (top right, foreground). Photo: Basilica.ro \/ Mircea Florescu (archive)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Grassmayr<\/em> Foundry has a long-standing tradition, dating back to the sixteenth century, with technical and musical knowledge handed down through 14 generations. The bells produced by this foundry are true musical instruments, capable of generating over 50 different tonalities.<\/p>\n

The sound<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The sound of a Grassmayr<\/em> bell is composed of the lower octave, the fifth, the third, and the upper octave, all realised with the precision of one-sixteenth of a semitone. The bronze alloy used by the foundry, heated to 1,150\u00b0C, is as follows: 78% electrolytic copper of 99.99% purity, 22% electrolytic tin of 99.99% purity; with impurities of less than 0.1% (lead and zinc).<\/p>\n

The weight<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The great bell of the National Cathedral \u2014 weighing around 25 tonnes, with both height and diameter of approximately 3 metres \u2014 was cast on Friday, November 11, 2016. This is an extraordinary achievement, being one of the largest freely swinging bells in Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The bells were consecrated and then installed in the fall of 2018, the Centennial Year of Romania’s Great Union, when the altar of the National Cathedral was consecrated. Photo: Basilica.ro \/ Mircea Florescu (archive)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The other five bells of the Cathedral \u2014 weighing 3,450 kg, 1,700 kg, 1,000 kg, 750 kg and 450 kg \u2014 were cast on April 21, 2017. The combined weight of the Cathedral\u2019s bells is 33 tonnes, and they are tuned as follows: C\u266f (octave 0) \u2013 the great bell; C\u266f, E\u266f, G\u266f, A\u266f (octave 1) and C\u266f (octave 2).<\/p>\n

Blessing and installation<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The bells of the National Cathedral arrived in Romania on May 19, 2017, brought from the Grassmayr<\/em> Foundry after being tested and tuned.<\/p>\n

On Monday, September 3, 2018<\/a>, His Beatitude Patriarch Daniel officiated the blessing service for the six bells of the National Cathedral, while they were still on the ground. On the following day, Tuesday, September 4, 2018, the bells were lifted and mounted<\/a> in the bell tower on the western fa\u00e7ade, at a height of 60 metres.<\/p>\n

Their sound can be heard across a radius of 15 km, especially at major events and feasts.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Picture from the installation of the bells of the Cathedral of the Salvation of the Nation in Bucharest, Romania, in September 2018. Photo: Basilica.ro \/ Mircea Florescu (archive)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The six bells are inscribed (from left to right) with the coat of arms of the Romanian Patriarchate, the effigy of the Patriarch of Romania, the patriarchal cross, and the inscription: The Blessing of Patriarch Daniel of Romania for the National Cathedral \u2013 Centennial 1918\u20132018.<\/em><\/p>\n

The costs of the six bells of the National Cathedral were covered exclusively by the Romanian Patriarchate.<\/p>\n

Function and symbolism<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The bells of the National Cathedral are the \u201cvoice of God\u201d and the \u201cvoice of the Church\u201d, calling the faithful to communion and prayer, to peace and to joy.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe bells represent the voice of the Lord, calling us to gather in the blessing and love of God. They are the voice of the Lord summoning us to prayer, keeping us in a state of watchfulness and vigilance. They combat spiritual sloth, for when we hear the voice of the bell calling us to prayer, it is the voice of God reminding us that He is present, and at the same time that He desires us to answer His call of love with our own love, shown through prayer and good works.<\/p>\n

The role of the bells is also to protect the people from storms, lightning, and thunder; the bells disperse heavy storm clouds, drive away lightning and thunder and baneful fog, as one of the prayers of blessing says. At the same time, the bells repel unclean or evil spirits, strengthening the faithful to remember God and to seek His help when they are tempted.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u2020 DANIEL<\/strong>
\nPatriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church<\/strong><\/p>\n

Download the leaflet in PDF format<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

Please see all leaflets in 4 languages here<\/a>.<\/h3>\n
\n

Les cloches de la Cath\u00e9drale Nationale<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Le Patriarcat de Roumanie, \u00e0 l\u2019initiative Sa B\u00e9atitude Daniel, Patriarche de l\u2019\u00c9glise Orthodoxe Roumaine, a confi\u00e9 la mission de fondre les six cloches de la Cath\u00e9drale Nationale \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Grassmayr<\/em> d\u2019Innsbruck (Autriche). Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une longue tradition qui remonte \u00e0 l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1599, la fonderie Grassmayr<\/em> poss\u00e8de des savoir-faire techniques et musicaux transmis \u00e0 travers quatorze g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. Les cloches r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par cette fonderie sont de v\u00e9ritables instruments de musique, capables de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer plus de 50 tonalit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n

Le son d\u2019une cloche Grassmayr<\/em> se compose de l\u2019octave grave, de la quinte, de la tierce et de l\u2019octave aigu\u00eb, toutes ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es avec une pr\u00e9cision d\u2019un seizi\u00e8me de demi-ton. L\u2019alliage de bronze employ\u00e9, port\u00e9 \u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature de 1150 \u00b0C, est constitu\u00e9 de : 78 % de cuivre \u00e9lectrolytique (puret\u00e9 99,99 %) et 22 % d\u2019\u00e9tain \u00e9lectrolytique (puret\u00e9 99,99 %), avec moins de 0,1 % d\u2019impuret\u00e9s (plomb et zinc).<\/p>\n

La plus grande des six cloches \u2013 d\u2019un poids de plus de 25 tonnes et mesurant pr\u00e8s de 3 m\u00e8tres de haut et de diam\u00e8tre \u2013 a \u00e9t\u00e9 fondue le 11 novembre 2016. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une r\u00e9alisation exceptionnelle, puisqu\u2019elle est la plus grande cloche \u00e0 battant libre d\u2019Europe<\/em>. Les cinq autres cloches de la Cath\u00e9drale \u2013 aux poids respectifs de 3 450 kg, 1 700 kg, 1 000 kg, 750 kg et 450 kg \u2013 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fondues le 21 avril 2017. L\u2019ensemble des cloches atteint un poids cumul\u00e9 de 33 tonnes. Leur accord est le suivant : DO# (gamme 0) \u2013 la grande cloche, DO#, MI#, SOL#, LA# (gamme 1), et DO# (gamme 2).<\/p>\n

Les cloches de la Cath\u00e9drale Nationale sont arriv\u00e9es en Roumanie le 19 mai 2017, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9es et accord\u00e9es \u00e0 la fonderie Grassmayr<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Lundi, 3 septembre 2018, Sa B\u00e9atitude Daniel, Patriarche de Roumanie, a c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction des six cloches, dispos\u00e9es au sol. Le lendemain, mardi 4 septembre 2018, elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 hiss\u00e9es et install\u00e9es dans la tour-clocher de la fa\u00e7ade ouest, \u00e0 60 m\u00e8tres de hauteur. La port\u00e9e acoustique des cloches atteint 15 km, notamment lors des grandes f\u00eates et \u00e9v\u00e9nements.<\/p>\n

Les six cloches sont orn\u00e9es d\u2019inscriptions (de gauche \u00e0 droite) comprenant : les armoiries du Patriarcat de Roumanie, l\u2019effigie du Patriarche de Roumanie et la croix patriarcale, ainsi que l\u2019inscription \u00ab\u00a0La b\u00e9n\u00e9diction du Patriarche Daniel de Roumanie pour la Cath\u00e9drale Nationale \u2013 Centenaire 1918-2018\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les co\u00fbts des six cloches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enti\u00e8rement couverts par les fonds propres du Patriarcat de Roumanie.<\/p>\n

Les cloches de la Cath\u00e9drale Nationale sont \u00ab la voix de Dieu \u00bb et \u00ab la voix de l\u2019\u00c9glise \u00bb, qui appellent les fid\u00e8les \u00e0 la communion, \u00e0 la pri\u00e8re, \u00e0 la paix et \u00e0 la joie.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Les cloches repr\u00e9sentent la voix du Seigneur qui nous appelle \u00e0 nous rassembler dans la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction et l\u2019amour de Dieu. Elles sont la voix du Seigneur qui nous invite \u00e0 la pri\u00e8re et ont pour r\u00f4le de nous maintenir dans un \u00e9tat de vigilance et de veille. Elles combattent la paresse spirituelle, car lorsque nous entendons la voix de la cloche qui nous convie \u00e0 la pri\u00e8re, c\u2019est la voix de Dieu qui nous rappelle Sa pr\u00e9sence et, en m\u00eame temps, Son attente que nous r\u00e9pondions \u00e0 l\u2019appel de Son amour par notre propre amour manifest\u00e9 dans la pri\u00e8re et les bonnes \u0153uvres.<\/p>\n

Le r\u00f4le des cloches est aussi de prot\u00e9ger le peuple contre les temp\u00eates, les foudres et les tonnerres ; elles dispersent les nuages lourds des temp\u00eates, \u00e9loignent les \u00e9clairs et les orages ainsi que les brouillards nuisibles, comme le dit l\u2019une des pri\u00e8res de b\u00e9n\u00e9diction. En m\u00eame temps, les cloches chassent les esprits impurs ou malins, fortifiant les croyants pour qu\u2019ils se souviennent de Dieu et Lui demandent Son aide dans les moments de tentation \u00bb (Patriarche Daniel).<\/p>\n

\n

Le Campane della Cattedrale Nazionale<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Il Patriarcato Romeno, su iniziativa del Primate della Chiesa Ortodossa Romena, Sua Beatitudine il Patriarca Daniel, ha affidato la fusione delle sei campane della Cattedrale Nazionale alla ditta Grassmayr<\/em> di Innsbruck (Austria). La fonderia Grassmayr<\/em> vanta una lunga tradizione, risalente al XVI secolo, con conoscenze tecniche e musicali tramandate per 14 generazioni. Le campane prodotte da questa fonderia sono veri e propri strumenti musicali, che generano oltre 50 toni diversi.<\/p>\n

Il suono generato da una campana Grassmayr<\/em> \u00e8 composto dall’ottava inferiore, dalla quinta, dalla terza e dall’ottava superiore, tutte realizzate con una precisione di sedicesimi di semitono. La lega di bronzo utilizzata da questa fonderia, riscaldata a una temperatura di 1.150 \u00b0C, \u00e8 composta da: 78% rame elettrolitico con una purezza elettrolitica del 99,99%, 22% stagno elettrolitico con una purezza elettrolitica del 99,99%; impurit\u00e0 < 0,1% (piombo e zinco).<\/p>\n

La grande campana della Cattedrale Nazionale \u2013 del peso di circa 25 tonnellate, con un’altezza e un diametro di circa 3 metri \u2013 \u00e8 stata fusa venerd\u00ec 11 novembre 2016. Si tratta di un risultato straordinario, essendo una delle pi\u00f9 grandi campane a oscillazione libera d’Europa. Le altre cinque campane della Cattedrale \u2013 del peso di 3.450 kg, 1.700 kg, 1.000 kg, 750 kg e 450 kg \u2013 sono state fuse il 21 aprile 2017. Il peso totale delle campane della Cattedrale \u00e8 di 33 tonnellate e sono intonate come segue: DO# (estensione 0) \u2013 la campana grande, DO#, MI#, SOL#, LA# (estensione 1) e DO# (estensione 2).<\/p>\n

Le campane della Cattedrale Nazionale sono arrivate in Romania il 19 maggio 2017, provenienti dalla fonderia Grassmayr <\/em>dopo essere state sottoposte a prove acustiche e accordate. Luned\u00ec 3 settembre 2018, Sua Beatitudine il Patriarca Daniel ha celebrato la cerimonia di consacrazione delle sei campane della Cattedrale Nazionale, che si trovavano a terra. Il giorno seguente, marted\u00ec 4 settembre 2018, le campane sono state sollevate e montate sulla guglia del campanile, sulla facciata ovest, a un’altezza di 60 metri. Il loro suono pu\u00f2 essere udito entro un raggio di 15 km, soprattutto durante eventi importanti e festivit\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Le sei campane recano incise (da sinistra a destra) lo stemma del Patriarcato Romeno, l’effigie del Patriarca di Romania e la croce patriarcale, nonch\u00e9 l’iscrizione: Benedizione del Patriarca Daniele di Romania per la Cattedrale Nazionale \u2013 Centenario 1918-2018.<\/em><\/p>\n

Il costo delle sei campane della Cattedrale Nazionale \u00e8 stato coperto esclusivamente dai fondi del Patriarcato Romeno.<\/p>\n

Le campane della Cattedrale Nazionale sono la “voce di Dio<\/em>” e la “voce della Chiesa<\/em>” che chiamano i cristiani alla comunione e alla preghiera, alla pace e alla gioia.<\/p>\n

“Le campane rappresentano la voce del Signore che ci chiama a unirci nella benedizione e nell’amore di Dio. Sono la voce del Signore che ci chiama alla preghiera e hanno lo scopo di tenerci svegli e vigili. Combattono la pigrizia spirituale, perch\u00e9 quando sentiamo il suono della campana che ci chiama alla preghiera, s<\/span>entiamo la voce di Dio che ci mostra di essere presente e, allo stesso tempo, di desiderare che rispondiamo alla chiamata del Suo amore con il nostro amore manifestato attraverso la preghiera e le buone azioni.<\/p>\n

Lo scopo delle campane \u00e8 anche quello di proteggere il popolo da tempeste, fulmini e tuoni; le campane disperdono le pesanti nubi temporalesche, allontanano fulmini, tuoni e nebbia dannosa, come recita una delle preghiere della consacrazione. Allo stesso tempo, le campane scacciano gli spiriti impuri o maligni, rafforzando i fedeli nel ricordare Dio e nel chiedere il Suo aiuto quando sono tentati\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u2020<\/strong> DANIEL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Patriarca della Chiesa Ortodossa Romena<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u039f\u0399 \u039a\u0391\u039c\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u0395\u03a3<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u03a4\u03bf \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 Grassmayr, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u038a\u03bd\u03c3\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba (\u0391\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1).<\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 Grassmayr \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 16\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 14 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 50 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.\u039f \u03ae\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 Grassmayr \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1, \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 1.150\u00b0 \u039a\u03b5\u03bb\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac: 78% \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 99,99%, 22% \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 99,99%, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 0,1% (\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5).<\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 25 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae, 11 \u039d\u03bf\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2016. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7.<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7: 3.450 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, 1.700 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, 1.000 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, 750 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 450 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 21 \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2017. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 33 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2: \u039d\u03a4\u039f\u266f (\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 0) \u2013 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1, \u039d\u03a4\u039f\u266f, \u039c\u0399\u266f, \u03a3\u039f\u039b\u266f, \u039b\u0391\u266f (\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 1) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039d\u03a4\u039f\u266f (\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 2).<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 19 \u039c\u03b1\u0390\u03bf\u03c5 2017, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 Grassmayr, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af.<\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03b7 \u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1, 3 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2018, \u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1, \u03a4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7, 4 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2018, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c5\u03c8\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 60 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n

\u039f \u03ae\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 15 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.\u039f\u03b9 \u03ad\u03be\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 (\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ac), \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03ae) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae: \u0397 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03b1\u03cc \u2014 \u0395\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 1918-2018.<\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n

\u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00b7 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u2020 \u0394\u0391\u039d\u0399\u0397\u039b<\/p>\n

\u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/p>\n

Foto credit: Arhiva Basilica.ro \/ Mircea Florescu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There are nine days left until the bells of the National Cathedral will ring for the inauguration of the holy edifice, when Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and the Patriarch of Romania will consecrate its mosaic painting. The Archdiocese of Bucharest has prepared a series of presentation leaflets about the National Cathedral, which the Romanian people have…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":205047,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32362],"tags":[8156,16433,16434,32571,246,26759,36151,4463],"class_list":["post-544401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-national-cathedral","tag-bells-of-the-national-cathedral","tag-catedrala-mantuirii-neamului-en","tag-catedrala-nationala-en","tag-centennial-2025","tag-romania","tag-romanias-national-cathedral","tag-romanias-national-cathedral-presentation-leaflets","tag-romanian-peoples-salvation-cathedral"],"yoast_head":"\nBells of the National Cathedral: Symbolism and History - Basilica.ro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the significance of the Bells of the National 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